Underground metal mining methods pdf

Glossary of mining terminology after damp gasses resulting from underground combustion, normally carbon monoxide. Thanks in large part to the efforts by john chadwick of the mining journal, and many other members of the mining community, the hard rock miners handbook has been distributed to over 1 countries worldwide. Silica dust sources in underground metalnonmetal mines two. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. However, the first step is to loosen the rock in the ore body so that it can be moved and processed. Surface geophysical methods for detection of underground mine workings by william j. This is a loose term implying any fatal gas in a mine after an explosion or fire. Underground mining techniques and risks geology for investors. Mining industry response to the book continues to be incredible. There exist opportunities to advance development of technologies and sensors to further reduce mine worker exposure to hazardous conditions using robotics and automation of processes and equipment in mining. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. The guidebook also does not discuss mining involving extraction of coal or aggregates. Raising methods in metal mines raising is a regular operation in the development of metalliferous mines. Nov 02, 2011 underground mining, underground mining methods.

New technology has enabled greater productivity and safer mining in underground operations, which has also helped decrease the cost of such production methods. Underground mining methods glossary bolting drilling a hole, and inserting a bolt to strengthen the ceiling and walls of an underground mine crusher a machine used to crush ore before it is transported drift a horizontal underground tunnel that follows a vein or ore body. Jan 27, 2014 undergrounds mining is still, even after hundreds of years of safety improvements, a dangerous and expensive business. Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1.

The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. Nioshs pittsburgh research laboratory is currently involved in research to identify silica dust generation in underground metalnonmetal mines. Air shaft a vertical opening into a mine for the passage of air. It is associated with danger of accidents due to fall of roof rock, inadequate ventilation resulting in poor visibility at the work site and uncomfortable working conditions.

Here are the types of underground mining and their. Subsequent chapters describe methane control methods for different kinds of mines and mining equipment, primarily for u. There is need to conduct research on machinery and powered haulage safety. Gold nuggets with metal detector in gold mine australia en duration. In 2005, only 17% of metal mines were underground operations raw materials data, stockholm 2010 but there are many instances where underground extraction of minerals is more costeffective than surface mining, typically when the given ore body is high grade or very deep. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. By the new stone age, humans had progressed to underground mining in.

For an underground metal mine, the modes of entry to a deposit are. Apr 03, 2017 the first published, reference to the mining of coal in india dates back to the year 1774 in the raniganj coal field. Underground mining methods and equipment for bedded deposits and ore bodies. Sciencestruck explains what these methods are, with the applications of each one. Underground mining hard rock underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals such as those containing metals like gold, copper, zinc, nickel and lead or gems such as diamonds. Black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd 5,003 views. Minto mine underground mine development and operations plan. Surface mining methods and underground mining method. Coal mining methods can be broadly divided into two types viz. Pwc open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies.

Hardrock mining techniquesunderground minesminings method. Airway any passage in a mine along which an air current moves. Minto mine qml0001 underground mine development and operations plan june 2014 1 background this underground mine development and operations plan umdop has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of quartz mining icence qml00l01 for the development and mining of the underground at minto mine, owned by minto explorations ltd. Hustulid, editor society of mining engineers 1982 1794 pages. Underground mining methods 3 mining trends metal shares of total value gold copper iron ore nickel lead zinc pgms diamonds other value of metal. It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. Underground roomandpillar mining methods for many metal nonmetal deposits differ from those of coal and other softer mineral deposits. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext.

The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization. In each of these mining methods, various earthmoving equipment including shovels, dozers, hauling trucks, and loaders are used to remove and transport the ore. In any discussion of methods of underground mining comparison, one is repeatedly confronted with the difficulty of dealing with so many variable conditions. Processed ore by minerals for open pit and underground metal mines for the period 1988 to 1997 in the western world. The indian coal industry is the worlds third largest in terms of production and fourth largest in terms of. Depending on the mineral being mined and the nature of the deposit, there are many different underground mining methods that can be implemented. Its wise for an investor to understand both the basic workings for an underground mine and the risks associated with underground mining.

Placer mining is used to sift out valuable metals from sediments in river channels, beach sands, or other environments. Mining in minnesota cut and fill mining method 3d animation duration. The guidebook does not discuss the mining of ores that are extracted using strip mining methods, including aluminum bauxite, phosphate, and uranium. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop control technologies to reduce worker exposure to respirable silica dust. Clark bay geophysical associates, traverse city, mi abstract efforts to delineate underground mine workings in the vicinity of tailings impoundments has. Surface mines are typically used for more shallow and less valuable deposits. There are generally two ways in which systems are costed, viz. Okubo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss figure 1c. Raising methods in metal mines copper mining india 19802009. Both types of ore deposit, placer or lode, are mined by both surface and underground methods. Open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Pdf mining methods underground mining mayra garcia. Sufficient knowledge of the mineral deposit, mining.

Underground mining systems mine 205 a required course for b. The method to be used for underground mining depends on the concentration of ore, strength of the surrounding rock, and the various risks involved. Pdf mining is the extraction of economically valuable minerals or other geological. The adaptation of mining methods best suited to the various natural conditions in mines is discussed, and comparative costs are presented. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Mining method, underground mining, roomandpillar mining, sublevel stoping, cutandfill, longwall mining, sublevel caving, block caving, backfill. Jan 04, 2016 pdf download underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies download full ebook. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds or coal seams typical of. This book presents the latest mining principles and techniques in use today. Some mining, including much of the rare earth elements and uranium mining, is done by lesscommon methods, such as insitu leaching. Pdf download underground mining methods engineering. This report summarizes mining practices of a large number of metal mines in the united states and foreign countries.

Today, surface mining is much more common, and produces, for example, 85% of minerals excluding petroleum and natural gas in the united states, including 98% of metallic ores. The method of underhand stoping in which the ore is drawn to the level above b, fig. Blockcaving copper mining methods and costs at the miami mine, miami copper company, gila county, arizona 1965 hardwick, w. Underground mines are more expensive and are often used to reach deeper deposits. To name a mineral prospect an ore body requires more information than needed to establish metal grades.